Специфика использования социолектов в русском языке

Uniaxially strained (011)Si is attractive for high performance p-channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor devices due to the predicted high hole mobilities. Here, we demonstrate the realization of purely uniaxially relaxed (011) SiGe virtual substrates by He+ ion implantation and thermal annealing. Perfect uniaxial relaxation is evidenced by precise ion channeling angular yield scan measurements and plan view transmission electron microscopy as predicted theoretically on the basis of the layer symmetry dependent dislocation dynamics. Strikingly, misfit dislocations propagate exclusively along the [0 (1) over bar1] direction in the (011) oriented crystal and, in contrast to (100)Si, no crosshatch is formed. We describe dislocation formation and propagation inducing strain relaxation of (011)SiGe and enlighten the differences to (100) oriented SiGe on Si

Soybean Seed Extracts Preferentially Express Genomic Loci of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the Initial Interaction with Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr

Initial interaction between rhizobia and legumes actually starts via encounters of both partners in the rhizosphere. In this study, the global expression profiles of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 in response to soybean (Glycine max) seed extracts (SSE) and genistein, a major soybean-released isoflavone for nod genes induction of B. japonicum, were compared. SSE induced many genomic loci as compared with genistein (5.0 µM), nevertheless SSE-supplemented medium contained 4.7 µM genistein. SSE markedly induced four predominant genomic regions within a large symbiosis island (681 kb), which include tts genes (type III secretion system) and various nod genes. In addition, SSE-treated cells expressed many genomic loci containing genes for polygalacturonase (cell-wall degradation), exopolysaccharide synthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, ribosome proteins family and energy metabolism even outside symbiosis island. On the other hand, genistein-treated cells exclusively showed one expression cluster including common nod gene operon within symbiosis island and six expression loci including multidrug resistance, which were shared with SSE-treated cells. Twelve putatively regulated genes were indeed validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Several SSE-induced genomic loci likely participate in the initial interaction with legumes. Thus, these results can provide a basic knowledge for screening novel genes relevant to the B. japonicum- soybean symbiosis

Complete Genomic Structure of the Cultivated Rice Endophyte Azospirillum sp. B510

We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire genome of a diazotrophic endophyte, Azospirillum sp. B510. Strain B510 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from stems of rice plants (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare). The genome of B510 consisted of a single chromosome (3 311 395 bp) and six plasmids, designated as pAB510a (1 455 109 bp), pAB510b (723 779 bp), pAB510c (681 723 bp), pAB510d (628 837 bp), pAB510e (537 299 bp), and pAB510f (261 596 bp). The chromosome bears 2893 potential protein-encoding genes, two sets of rRNA gene clusters (rrns), and 45 tRNA genes representing 37 tRNA species. The genomes of the six plasmids contained a total of 3416 protein-encoding genes, seven sets of rrns, and 34 tRNAs representing 19 tRNA species. Eight genes for plasmid-specific tRNA species are located on either pAB510a or pAB510d. Two out of eight genomic islands are inserted in the plasmids, pAB510b and pAB510e, and one of the islands is inserted into trnfM-CAU in the rrn located on pAB510e. Genes other than the nif gene cluster that are involved in N2 fixation and are homologues of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 include fixABCX, fixNOQP, fixHIS, fixG, and fixLJK. Three putative plant hormone-related genes encoding tryptophan 2-monooxytenase (iaaM) and indole-3-acetaldehyde hydrolase (iaaH), which are involved in IAA biosynthesis, and ACC deaminase (acdS), which reduces ethylene levels, were identified. Multiple gene-clusters for tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic-transport systems and a diverse set of malic enzymes were identified, suggesting that B510 utilizes C4-dicarboxylate during its symbiotic relationship with the host plant

Chromosome 9p21 gene copy number and prognostic significance of p16 in ESFT

Chromosome 9p21 gene copy number in Ewing's sarcoma family of tumour (ESFT) cell lines and primary ESFT has been evaluated using Multiplex Ligation-dependent probe amplification, and the clinical significance of CDKN2A loss and p16/p14ARF expression investigated. Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A was identified in 4/9 (44%) of ESFT cell lines and 4/42 (10%) primary ESFT; loss of one copy of CDKN2A was identified in a further 2/9 (22%) cell lines and 2/42 (5%) tumours. CDKN2B was co-deleted in three (33%) cell lines and two (5%) tumours. Co-deletion of the MTAP gene was observed in 1/9 (11%) cell lines and 3/42 (7%) tumours. No correlation was observed between CDKN2A deletion and clinical parameters. However, co-expression of high levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA predicted a poor event-free survival (P=0.046, log-rank test). High levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA did not correlate with high expression of p16 protein. Furthermore, p16 protein expression did not predict event-free or overall survival. Methylation is not a common mechanism of p16 gene silencing in ESFT. These studies demonstrate that loss (homozygous deletion or single copy) of CDKN2A was not prognostically significant in primary ESFT. However, high levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA expression were predictive of a poor event-free survival and should be investigated further

PI3Ks Maintain the Structural Integrity of T-Tubules in Cardiac Myocytes

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate numerous physiological processes including some aspects of cardiac function. Although regulation of cardiac contraction by individual PI3K isoforms has been studied, little is known about the cardiac consequences of downregulating multiple PI3Ks concurrently.Genetic ablation of both p110α and p110β in cardiac myocytes throughout development or in adult mice caused heart failure and death. Ventricular myocytes from double knockout animals showed transverse tubule (T-tubule) loss and disorganization, misalignment of L-type Ca(2+) channels in the T-tubules with ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and reduced Ca(2+) transients and contractility. Junctophilin-2, which is thought to tether T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, was mislocalized in the double PI3K-null myocytes without a change in expression level.PI3K p110α and p110β are required to maintain the organized network of T-tubules that is vital for efficient Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release and ventricular contraction. PI3Ks maintain T-tubule organization by regulating junctophilin-2 localization. These results could have important medical implications because several PI3K inhibitors that target both isoforms are being used to treat cancer patients in clinical trials

Myosin binding protein C: implications for signal-transduction

Myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) is a crucial component of the sarcomere and an important regulator of muscle function. While mutations in different myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) genes are well known causes of various human diseases, such as hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) forms of cardiomyopathy as well as skeletal muscular disorders, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain not well understood. A variety of MYBPC3 (cardiac isoform) mutations have been studied in great detail and several corresponding genetically altered mouse models have been generated. Most MYBPC3 mutations may cause haploinsufficiency and with it they may cause a primary increase in calcium sensitivity which is potentially able to explain major features observed in HCM patients such as the hypercontractile phenotype and the well known secondary effects such as myofibrillar disarray, fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy and remodelling including arrhythmogenesis. However the presence of poison peptides in some cases cannot be fully excluded and most probably other mechanisms are also at play. Here we shall discuss MYBPC interacting proteins and possible pathways linked to cardiomyopathy and heart failure

MLP (muscle LIM protein) as a stress sensor in the heart

Muscle LIM protein (MLP, also known as cysteine rich protein 3 (CSRP3, CRP3)) is a muscle-specific-expressed LIM-only protein. It consists of 194 amino-acids and has been described initially as a factor involved in myogenesis (Arber et al. Cell 79:221–231, 1994). MLP soon became an important model for experimental cardiology when it was first demonstrated that MLP deficiency leads to myocardial hypertrophy followed by a dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure phenotype (Arber et al. Cell 88:393–403, 1997). At this time, this was the first genetically altered animal model to develop this devastating disease. Interestingly, MLP was also found to be down-regulated in humans with heart failure (Zolk et al. Circulation 101:2674–2677, 2000) and MLP mutations are able to cause hypertrophic and dilated forms of cardiomyopathy in humans (Bos et al. Mol Genet Metab 88:78–85, 2006; Geier et al. Circulation 107:1390–1395, 2003; Hershberger et al. Clin Transl Sci 1:21–26, 2008; Knöll et al. Cell 111:943–955, 2002; Knöll et al. Circ Res 106:695–704, 2010; Mohapatra et al. Mol Genet Metab 80:207–215, 2003). Although considerable efforts have been undertaken to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms—how MLP mutations, either in model organisms or in the human setting cause these diseases are still unclear. In contrast, only precise knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms will allow the development of novel and innovative therapeutic strategies to combat this otherwise lethal condition. The focus of this review will be on the function of MLP in cardiac mechanosensation and we shall point to possible future directions in MLP research

Comprehensive analysis of the 9p21 region in neuroblastoma suggests a role for genes mapping to 9p21–23 in the biology of favourable stage 4 tumours

Chromosome 9p21 is frequently deleted in many cancers. Previous reports have indicated that 9p21 LOH is an uncommon finding in neuroblastoma (NB), a tumour of childhood. We have performed an extensive analysis of 9p21 and genes located in this region (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A – CDKN2A/p16INK4a, CDKN2A/p14ARF, CDKN2B/p15INK4b, MTAP, interferon α and β cluster). LOH was detected in 16.4% of 177 NB. The SRO was identified between markers D9S1751 and D9S254, at 9p21–23, a region telomeric to the CDKN2A and MTAP genes. A significantly better overall and progression-free survival was detected in stage 4 patients displaying 9p21–23 LOH. Hemizygous deletion of the region harbouring the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci was identified in two tumours by means of fluorescent in situ hybridisation and MTAP was present by immunostaining in all but one tumour analysed. The transcriptional profile of tumours with 9p21–23 LOH was compared to that of NB displaying normal 9p21–23 status by means of oligonucleotide microarrays. Four of the 363 probe sets downregulated in tumours with 9p21–23 LOH were encoded by genes mapping to 9p22–24. The only well-characterised transcript among them was nuclear factor I-B3. Our results suggest a role for genes located telomeric of 9p21 in good risk NB